Watchtowers in Ephraim

View looking down and west at a typical hillside in the old tribal territory of the tribe of Ephraim.

Note the two “watchtowers” just above the center of the image.  They were constructed on the natural terracing of the hard Cenomanian limestone of the area.  The terraces were enhanced by the construction of stonewalls to aid in the collection of the top soil.  In the past this area was used for viticulture.

On the left side of the image, in the bottom of the wadi, note the very red terra rossa soil.

Zondervan Atlas of the Bible p. 24